Romer

El artículo Endogenous Technological Change de Paul Romer (nóbel de economia de este año) ofrece algunas pistas sobre la relación entre investigación (o I+D o como quiera llamarse) y desarrollo económico. En él se lee (con mi subrayado):

Rivalry and excludability are closely linked because most rival goods are excludable. (A parking space in a shopping center parking lot is an example of a good that is effectively nonexcludable because the cost of enforcing excludability is too high relative to the value of the good.) The interesting case for growth theory is the set of goods that are nonrival yet excludable. The third premise cited in the Introduction implies that technology is a nonrival input. The second premise implies that technological change takes place because of the actions of self-interested individuals, so improvements in the technology must confer benefits that are at least partially excludable. The first premise therefore implies that growth is driven fundamentally by the accumulation of a partially excludable, nonrival input.